• How to use this site
• Acknowledgement of Contributors

		The American Urological Association Foundation was established to support and promote research, patient/public education and advocacy to improve the prevention, detection, treatment and cure of urologic disease.
		Fairman Studios is a board certified biomedical communications studio specializing in medical illustration, scientific and biological illustration, medical animation, interactive design, web publication and graphic design for the Biomedical, Scientific and Healthcare industries.

How to use this site

This page contains information that may help you make better use of this web site. It covers the way we have set up navigation and practical things like accessibility and making the best use of your browser.

You can find things on the site by using:

• the global navigation bar which leads to more specific headings. It is on the left-hand side of every page. Simply double click the mouse on the adult or pediatric condition category that you are interested in.
• the A-Z glossary
• the search engine
• drop drown topic menu on the condition page. Simply click on the down area within the box. Select the topic you are interested in, then click your mouse on the "go" button or wait a few seconds for the topic to appear.

Some text appears underlined. This is called a hyperlink. When you click the mouse over this text, a little box appears to give you the definition for that terminology. The hyperlinks will change color once you have visited the link so that you will know that you have visited it before.

Search the site
If you want to find something in the site you can enter the word or few words in the box, then hit the enter key or click on the "go" button.

Try to spell the words correctly.

The search engine will find information that includes the words you have entered. Click on the result that most closely matches what you want to know.

Icons

Show me pictures Click on this with your mouse to see anatomical illustrations associated with a particular topic. Scroll down to the desired image. You can enlarge a specific image by clicking on it with your mouse.

Find a urologist Click on this with your mouse and you will be taken to an on-line directory service for patients to use when looking for a urologist.

Site feedback Click on this with your mouse and you will be asked to fill out a very brief visitor survey. Your opinion is important and the information you provide can help us better meet your needs.

Print this information Click on this with your mouse if you would like to print a copy of the selected topic accompanied by a listing of the glossary terms associated with it.

Clinical trials icon Click on this to visit the Clinical Trials Resource Center where you can learn more about FDA approved drugs and search for clinical trials.

Espanol icon Click on this to view this article in Spanish.

Screen resolution
This site has been designed for a screen resolution of 800 x 600. This means that the web site should fill the page at this resolution. Higher resolution screens will display the website with white columns on the right hand side. Lower resolution screens will need to use horizontal scroll bars to see the entire page.

Acknowledgement of Contributors

The AUA Foundation deeply appreciate the assistance and dedication of the following urological experts who have contributed to this site either by writing or reviewing the content.

Ian A. Aaronson, M.D. Mark C. Adams, M.D. Ashok Agarwal, M.D. David M. Albala, M.D. Peter C. Albertsen, M.D. Rodney A. Appell, M.D. Anthony Atala, M.D. Richard K. Babayan, M.D. Demitrius H. Bagley, M.D. Robert R. Bahnson, M.D. Linda A. Baker, M.D. John M. Barry, M.D. Julia S. Barthold, M.D. Arnold M. Belker, M.D. Arie Belldegrun, M.D. A. Barry Belman, M.D. George S. Benson, M.D. Mitchell C. Benson, M.D. Richard E. Berger, M.D. Nabil K. Bissada, M.D. Jerry G. Blaivas, M.D. Joseph G. Borer, M.D. Robert E. Brannigan, M.D. John W. Brock, III, M.D. James D. Brooks, M.D. Victor M. Brugh III, M.D. Anton J. Bueschen, M.D. Mark P. Cain, M.D. Steven C. Campbell, M.D. Douglas A. Canning, M.D. Michael C. Carr, M.D. Peter R. Carroll, M.D. Culley C. Carson, III, M.D. H. Ballentine Carter, M.D. Anthony J. Casale, M.D. William J. Catalona, M.D. Toby C. Chai, M.D. Michael B. Chancellor, M.D. Paramjit S. Chandhoke, M.D. Peter L. Choyke, M.D. Bartley G. Cilento Jr, M.D. Peter E. Clark, M.D. J. Quentin Clemens, M.D. Douglas E. Coplen, M.D. Joseph N. Corriere Jr., M.D. E. David Crawford, M.D. Frank A. Critz, M.D. Daniel J. Culkin, M.D. Guido Dalbagni, M.D. Firouz Daneshgari, M.D. Catherine Rhu deVries, M.D. William C. DeWolf, M.D. David A. Diamond, M.D. Ananias C. Diokno, M.D. Steven G. Docimo, M.D. John P. Donohue, M.D. Craig F. Donatucci, M.D. Michael J. Droller, M.D. Jack S. Elder, M.D. Rainer M.E. Engel, M.D. Deborah R. Erickson, M.D. Robert L. Fairchild, M.D. T. Ernesto Figueroa, M.D. Robert C. Flanigan, M.D. Harris E. Foster Jr., M.D. Pat F. Fulgham, M.D. John P. Gearhart, M.D. Kenneth I. Glassberg, M.D. David Goldfarb, M.D. Marc Goldstein, M.D. Leonard G. Gomella, M.D. Ricardo Gonzalez, M.D. Elizabeth Ann Gormley, M.D. Saul P. Greenfield, M.D. Donald P. Griffith, M.D. Gabriel P. Haas, M.D. M. Craig Hall, M.D. Moneer K. Hanna, M.D. Wayne John G. Hellstrom, M.D. Terry W. Hensle, M.D. Yves L. Homsy, M.D. Stuart S. Howards, M.D. William C. Hulbert Jr., M.D. Mark Hurwitz, M.D. Douglas A. Husmann, M.D. Mark L. Jordan, M.D. David B. Joseph, M.D. Byron D. Joyner, M.D. Steven Kaplan, M.D. Robert Kay, M.D. Michael A. Keating, M.D. Antoine E. Khoury, M.D. Samuel C. Kim, M.D. Michael O. Koch, M.D. Barry A. Kogan, M.D. Stephen A. Kramer, M.D. John N. Krieger, M.D. Ramsay L. Kuo, M.D.

Paul H. Lange, M.D. Frederick S. Leach, M.D. Benjamin R. Lee, M.D. Ronald W. Lewis, M.D. John A. Libertino, M.D. Monica Liebert, Ph.D. James E. Lingeman, M.D. Larry I. Lipshultz, M.D. Jorge L. Lockhart, M.D. Kevin R. Louglin, M.D. Tom F. Lue, M.D. Richard J. Macchia, M.D. Jack W. McAninch, M.D. David L. McCullough, M.D. W. Scott McDougal, M.D. James M. McKiernan, M.D. Mani Menon, M.D. Hrair- George Mesrobian, M.D. Edward M. Messing, M.D. Michael E. Mitchell, M.D. Robert M. Moldwin, M.D. Drogo K. Montague, M.D. Timothy D. Moon, M.D. Allen F. Morey, M.D. Abraham Morgentaler, M.D. Judd W. Moul, M.D. John J. Mulcahy, M.D. Anthony R. Mundy, M.D. Harris M. Nagler, M.D. Stephen Y. Nakada, M.D. Diane K. Newman, RNC MSN CRNP FAAN J. Curtis Nickel, M.D. Andrew C. Novick, M.D. Donald E. Novicki, M.D. David M. Nudell, M.D. Michael A. O'Donnell, M.D. Robert D. Oates, M.D. William K. Oh, M.D. Carl A. Olsson, M.D. Harriet Paltiel, M.D. Lowell C. Parsons, M.D. Ryan F. Paterson, M.D. Christopher K. Payne, M.D. Inder Perkash, M.D. Craig A. Peters, M.D. Andrew C. Petersen, M.D. Kenneth J. Pienta, M.D. Louis L. Pisters, M.D. Michael A. Pontari, M.D. Kevin Pranikoff, M.D. Glenn M. Preminger, M.D. Ronald Rabinowitz, M.D. Shlomo Raz, M.D. Martin I. Resnick, M.D. Alan B. Retik, M.D. Jerome P. Richie, M.D. Richard C. Rink, M.D. Michael L. Ritchey, M.D. Eric S. Rovner, M.D. H. Gil Ruston Jr., M.D. Arthur I. Sagalowsky, M.D. Jay I. Sandlow, M.D. Grannum R. Sant, M.D. Richard A. Santucci, M.D. Stephen A. Schatz, M.D. Paul F. Schellhammer, M.D. Peter N. Schlegel, M.D. Richard N. Schlussel, M.D. Ira D. Sharlip, M.D. Linda D. Shortliffe, M.D. Daniel A. Shoskes, M.D. Aseem R. Shukla, M.D. John J. Smith III, M.D. Joseph A. Smith Jr., M.D. Warren T. Snodgrass, M.D. Brent W. Snow, M.D. Howard M. Snyder III, M.D. Mark S. Soloway, M.D. R. Ernest Sosa, M.D. William D. Steers, M.D. George F. Steinhardt, M.D. Ian M. Thompson Jr., M.D. John G. Van Savage, M.D. E. Darracott Vaughan Jr., M.D. R. Dixon Walker III, M.D. Julian Hsin-Cheng Wan, M.D. George D. Webster, M.D. Robert M. Weiss, M.D. Hunter B. Wessells, M.D. Kristene E. Whitmore, M.D. Jeff A. Wieder, M.D. Gilbert J. Wise, M.D. J. Stuart Wolf Jr., M.D. Hsi-Yang Wu, M.D. Subbarao V. Yalla, M.D. Mark R. Zaontz, M.D. Horst Zincke, M.D.