| radiation: |
| | Also referred to as radiotherapy. X-rays or radioactive substances used in treatment of cancer.
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| radiation therapy: |
| | Also referred to as radiotherapy or radiation. X-rays or radioactive substances used in treatment of cancer.
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| radical: |
| | Complete removal. |
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| radical nephrectomy: |
| | Surgical removal of the entire kidney, adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes and other surrounding tissue. |
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| radical prostatectomy: |
| | Surgical removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. |
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| radio waves: |
| | Electromagnetic waves. |
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| radioactive: |
| | Relating to or making use of radioactive substances or the radiation they emit. |
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| radioactive seed implant: |
| | Tiny pellets of radioactive medication. |
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| radioactive tracer: |
| | Substances used in nuclear medicine. |
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| radioactivity: |
| | High energy particles emitted by radioactive substances. |
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| radiographic: |
| | X-ray. |
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| radiographic imaging: |
| | X-rays. |
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| radiographic technique: |
| | Procedure for taking an X-ray. |
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| radioisotope: |
| | A particular form of chemical element that is radioactive. |
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| radiologic: |
| | X-ray. |
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| radiological imaging: |
| | Obtaining images of internal body parts with the use of X-rays and radioactive dyes. |
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| radiologist: |
| | Doctor specializing in the interpretation of X-rays and other scanning techniques for the diagnosis of disorders. |
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| radionuclide: |
| | Radioactive nuclide. |
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| radionuclide bone scan: |
| | X-ray test that uses radioactive material to help evaluate the structure of the bone and the process inside the bone. |
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| radionuclide cystogram: |
| | A test using a radioactive material that is placed in the bladder to evaluate the structure of the bladder and processes inside. |
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| radiopaque: |
| | Blocking the passage of X-rays and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. |
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| radiotherapy: |
| | Also referred to as radiation therapy. High-energy rays are often used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing.
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| receptor: |
| | A nerve ending that is sensitive to stimuli and can convert them into nerve impulses. |
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| rectal: |
| | Relating to, involving or in the rectum. |
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| rectal area: |
| | Area around the anal opening. |
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| rectal ultrasound: |
| | A diagnostic test that uses very high frequency sound waves to produce an image of the rectum. |
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| rectocele: |
| | A herniation of the rectum into the vagina. |
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| rectum: |
| | The lower part of the large intestine, ending in the anal opening. |
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| reflux: |
| | Backward flow of urine. Also referred to as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). An abnormal condition in which urine backs up from the bladder into the ureters and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. |
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| reflux grade: |
| | Severity of the reflux. |
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| regional anesthesia: |
| | Loss of sensation in the region of the body produced by application of an anesthetic agent to all nerves supplying that region. |
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| regional lymph node dissection: |
| | Treatment for renal cell carcinoma that involves cutting the lymph nodes. |
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| renal: |
| | Pertaining to the kidneys. |
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| renal agenesis: |
| | The absence or severe malformation of one or both kidneys. |
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| renal angiograms: |
| | X-ray photograph of blood vessels in the kidney. |
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| renal angiography: |
| | A series of X-rays of the kidney blood vessels with the injection of contrast dye into a catheter, which is placed into the blood vessels of the kidney to detect any signs of blockage or abnormalities affecting the blood supply to the kidneys. |
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| renal artery: |
| | Main artery that supplies the kidney. |
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| renal artery disease: |
| | Narrowing of the blood supply to the kidneys. |
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| renal artery stenosis: |
| | Narrowing of the lining of the main artery that supplies the kidney. |
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| renal calyces: |
| | Recesses in the innermost portion of the kidney. |
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| renal cell carcinoma: |
| | A type of kidney cancer. |
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| renal colic: |
| | The name given to an intermittent, but often very severe, abdominal pain which is most commonly caused by a tiny stone passing down the ureter, which is the tube which connects the kidney to the bladder. |
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| renal cysts: |
| | Abnormal fluid-filled sacs in the kidney that range in size from microscopic to much larger. Many simple cysts are harmless, while other types can seriously damage the kidneys.
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| renal failure: |
| | Loss of the kidney's ability to excrete wastes, produce urine and conserve electrolytes. |
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| renal flow scan: |
| | A nuclear medical examination done to study the function and blood flow to the kidneys by watching the kidneys fill and empty into the bladder. |
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| renal osteodystrophy: |
| | Weak bones caused by poorly working kidneys. Renal osteodystrophy is a common problem for people on dialysis who have high phosphate levels or insufficient vitamin D supplementation.
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| renal pelvis: |
| | The basin into which the urine formed by the kidneys is excreted before it travels to the ureters and bladder. |
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| renal scan: |
| | A nuclear medicine examination that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to measure the function of the kidneys. |
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| renal transplantation: |
| | A surgical procedure that places a healthy kidney from one person into another. |
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| renal tubular acidosis: |
| | A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones and poor growth in children.
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| renal tubules: |
| | Small structures in the kidney that filter the blood and produce urine. |
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| renal ultrasound: |
| | A non-invasive test in which a transducer is passed over the kidney producing sound waves that bounce off the kidney, transmitting a picture of the kidney on a video screen. The test is used to detect any abnormalities. |
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| renal vein: |
| | Short, thick vein which returns blood from the kidneys to the vena cava. |
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| renal vein thrombosis: |
| | Blood clots in the vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. This can occur in people with the nephrotic syndrome. |
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| renin: |
| | A hormone made by the kidneys that helps regulate the volume of fluid in the body and blood pressure. |
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| renovascular disease: |
| | Progressive condition that causes narrowing or blockage of the renal arteries or veins. |
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| renovascular disorders: |
| | Disease or disorders of the blood vessels of the kidney. |
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| resection: |
| | The surgical removal of a portion of a body part. |
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| resectoscope: |
| | A tube-shaped instrument used by the urologist to scoop a tumor from the bladder lining. |
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| residual urine: |
| | Amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. |
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| retention: |
| | In ability to empty urine from the bladder, which can be caused by atonic bladder or obstruction of the urethra. |
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| retrograde: |
| | Backwards. |
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| retrograde ejaculation: |
| | Caused by the failure of the bladder neck to close during ejaculation allowing the ejaculate to be propelled into the bladder instead of out the penis. |
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| retrograde genitogram: |
| | Special contrast X-rays to diagnose ambiguous genitalia. |
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| retrograde pyelography: |
| | Radiographic imaging of the ureters and collecting system of the kidneys by introducing a dye opaque to X-rays by way of urinary catheter. |
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| retrograde urethrogram: |
| | X-ray diagnostic test to evaluate appearance and integrity of the urethra. |
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| retrograde X-ray: |
| | X-rays using radiographic dye. |
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| retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: |
| | Surgical procedure where small incisions are made in the midline of the abdomen for removal of the lymph nodes. |
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| retroperitoneal lymph nodes: |
| | Lymph nodes at the back of the abdominal and pelvis cavity. |
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| retroperitoneoscopic: |
| | Minimally invasive surgical technique that uses a laparoscopically inflated balloon to create an artificial cavity in the retroperitoneum without opening the peritoneum (abdominal lining). |
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| retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy: |
| | Minimally invasive surgical technique that uses a laparoscopically inflated balloon to create an artificial cavity in the retroperitoneum without opening the peritoneum in order to remove the kidney. |
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| retroperitoneoscopy: |
| | Minimally invasive surgical technique that uses a laparoscopically inflated balloon to create an artificial cavity in the retroperitoneum without opening the peritoneum. |
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| retroperitoneum: |
| | Behind abdominal lining. |
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| retropubic prostatectomy: |
| | Involves the removal of obstructing prostate tissue through a cut below the belly button. |
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| rhabdoid tumor: |
| | A highly aggressive malignant kidney tumor usually found in childhood. |
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| rheumatoid arthritis: |
| | A chronic disease of the joints that cause stiffness, swelling, weakness, loss of mobility and eventual destruction and deformity of joints. |
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